ABSTRACT
With the advance in personalized therapeutic strategies in patients with breast cancer, there is an increasing need for biomarker-guided therapy. Although the immunogenicity of breast cancer has not been strongly considered in research or practice, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) are emerging as biomarkers mediating tumor response to treatments. Earlier studies have provided evidence that the level of TILs has prognostic value and the potential for predictive value, particularly in triple-negative and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive breast cancer. Moreover, the level of TILs has been associated with treatment outcome in patients undergoing neoadjuvant chemotherapy. To date, no standardized methodology for measuring TILs has been established. In this article, we review current issues and clinical evidence for the use of TILs in breast cancer.
Subject(s)
Humans , Biomarkers , Breast Neoplasms , Breast , Drug Therapy , Immune System , Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating , Negotiating , ErbB Receptors , Treatment Outcome , Triple Negative Breast NeoplasmsABSTRACT
Objective To evaluate immediate breast reconstruction with extended latissimus dorsi flap after mastectomy for patients of breast cancer. Methods One hundred and sixty-two women with breast cancer underwent surgery from Jan, 2000 to Dec, 2007. Masteetomy was carried out including traditional modified mastectomy in 32 cases, skin sparing mastectomy in 51 cases and nipple-areolar sparing mastectomy in 79 cases. Immediate breast reconstruction was performed with latissimus dorsi flap and surrounding fat tissue. Results Operation was successful in 161 cases. The morphology of reconstructed breasts was excellent in 91.93% cases as evaluated by patients themselves. After operation 6 cases had partial nipple necrosis, 5 cases had rhacoma of the chest, but cured conservatively. Eleven cases had seroma on the back, among them 8 cases cured by puncture and drainage. Two cases cured by erasion of the pseudomembrane and 1 case cured by exairesis of the fibrous capsule. Three cases had limited skin necrosis around the incision. One case had necrosis on part of the donor side, cured by reoperation. One case had implant necrosis necessitating removal of the implant. The patients were followed up for 7～90 months, and the 23 cases were free of tumor recurrence before they lost to follow-up. Among those followed-up cases there were bone metastasis in 2 cases, lung metastasis in 1 case and supra clavicular lymph node metastasis in one. No local recurrence was found. Conclusions Immediate breast reconstruction with extended latissimus dorsi flap after masteetomy is safe and effective, especially suitable for small and medium size breasts.
ABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the correlation between the expression of EG-1 in breast cancer and the clinicopathological factors and prognosis of breast cancer.Methods EG-1 mRNA expression in 72 malignant and 18 benign breast tissues were evaluated by RT-PCR method,and its correlation with clinical characteristics and prognosis were retrospectively analyzed.Results EG-1 expression level was higher in malignant tissue than in the corresponding benign breast tissue(71%vs.24%,P＜0.05).EG-1 expression was significantly correlated with lymph node metastasis and protein VEGF (P＜0.05)and was not significantly with age,menopause,tnmor size,grade,hormone status,protein Her2 and pS3.The metastastic rate and recurrence rate in EG-1 positive patients was higher than that in EG-1 negative patients.Multivariate Cox model showed that EG-1 positive was an independent factor affecting overall survival and disease free survival.Conclusions EG-1 expression was up-regulated in breast cancer and significantly correlated with lymph node metastasis and protein VEGF.